Mental Health

The goals of the online mental health program for Hispanic families are to prevent and reduce depressive and anxious symptoms, suicide ideation/behaviors, and drug use in Hispanic youth. The program is rated No Effects. The program did not have a statistically significant impact on past-90-day alcohol use and family functioning. The treatment group had a statistically significant reduction in past-90-day drug use, prescription drug use, and cigarette use, compared with the control group.

This is an individual compassion-focused, therapy-based intervention adapted from traditional compassionate-focused therapy to reduce psychopathic traits in youth in a correctional setting in Portugal. The program is rated Promising. The program was shown to statistically significantly decrease measures of psychopathic traits, grandiose manipulative, callous–unemotional, impulsive irresponsible, daring irresponsible, and conduct disorder traits.

This program provides community supervision and services to individuals released early from prison to help them find employment and reduce their recidivism. The program is rated Effective. Program participants were less likely to be reincarcerated and had higher rates of integration into the workforce, compared with individuals who did not participate in the program. These differences were statistically significant.

The program focuses on the relationship between young adults and their parents to prevent substance misuse and other high-risk behaviors and enhance protective factors such as improving communication and strengthening familial relationships, encouraging healthy peer and romantic relationships, and promoting self-efficacy. The program is rated No Effects. It made no statistically significant impact on reducing the risk level for a problematic transition into young adulthood.

This program targets behavior changes in men who have committed a domestic violence offense, to reduce their risk of reoffending. The program is rated Promising. Men in the treatment group had statistically significant reductions in their rate of reconvictions and time to both their first violent and general reconvictions, compared with men in the control group. There were no statistically significant differences between groups in general or domestic violence reoffending within 12 months.

This is a home-visiting program to foster positive caregiver–child relationships in Native families. The program is rated Promising. The treatment group had higher quality caregiver–child interactions, and caregivers had increased knowledge of their children’s social–emotional needs and reported fewer depressive symptoms, compared with the control group. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the treatment and control groups on child externalizing behaviors.

This is a curriculum that targets students with emotional and behavioral disorders, with the overall goal of improving knowledge and development of social problem-solving skills. The program is rated Effective. Students who participated in the Take CHARGE! program had a statistically significant greater likelihood of reporting increased knowledge of and improvements in problem-solving behaviors, compared with students who did not participate.

This is a program for homeless individuals who are often in jail, to increase their housing stability and reduce their criminal justice involvement. The program is rated Effective. Individuals in the treatment group had statistically significant reductions in arrest, jail stays, days in jail, and shelter stays and visits, and statistically significant increases in mental health services, compared with the control group, but there was no statistically significant effect on substance use services.

This intervention was designed to help adolescent males in detention with interpersonal stress and conflict. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant effects on depressive symptoms, recidivism, social problem-solving, anger response, anger control, and inward expression of anger. However, the treatment as usual control condition was found to have a statistically significant reduction on outward expression of anger, a result in the other-than-expected direction.

The goal of this exposure-based, integrative intervention was to reduce substance use and mental health problems in adolescents who have experienced trauma. The program is rated Promising. The program had a statistically significant impact on depressive and internalizing symptoms, family cohesion, and family conflict. There were mixed results for PTSD symptoms and substance use. There was no statistically significant impact on externalizing symptoms.

This program aims to prevent sexual violence in middle school male athletes. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant differences between treatment and control group athletes in reports of abuse (relationship, cybersexual, or sexual), sexual harassment, negative bystander behaviors, sex-equitable attitudes, or intention to intervene. Treatment group athletes reported statistically significantly more positive bystander behaviors and recognized more signs of abuse.

This is a one-to-one mentoring program aimed at improving public safety by assisting youths who commit offenses with comprehensive reentry services following their release into the community. The program is rated No Effects. There was no statistically significant difference between program and comparison group youths in prevalence of reoffense. Program youths had statistically significantly fewer official juvenile justice contacts within 1 year of release, compared with comparison group youth

This is a school-based program that works to improve emotional awareness and regulation in adolescents to improve their mental health outcomes. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant differences between students who received the intervention and students in the control group who did not receive the intervention in measures of resilience, anxiety, depression, socioemotional functioning, well-being, drug use, self-harm, suicidal ideation, and mindfulness.

This program involves law enforcement’s use of cameras to record interactions with civilians to reduce citizen fatalities. The program is rated Promising. Agencies that acquired cameras had statistically significant decreases in fatal police–citizen encounters after three years, compared with agencies that did not acquire cameras. There were no statistically significant differences in fatal encounters between a reduced set of agencies with cameras and matched agencies without cameras.

The program targeted individuals on probation with a mental illness. The goal was to reduce rates of community supervision failures. The program is rated Promising. Individuals on specialty probation had both statistically significant lower rates of technical violations and rearrest, and higher receipt of mental health services and dual-diagnosis treatment, compared with individuals on traditional probation. There was no statistically significant impact on substance use treatment and violence.

This program was designed to reduce violence risk behaviors as well as PTSD and depressive symptoms by providing adolescents with a variety of services following a traumatic injury. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant differences between the intervention and control groups in substance use problems, or PTSD and depressive symptoms, though intervention group patients reported a statistically significant reduction in weapons carrying.

This is an intensive, supervised release program for individuals released from prison in Minnesota who are at high risk for reoffending. The primary goal of the program is to reduce recidivism of released individuals. The program is rated Promising. The program reduced the risk of general, felony, and violent reconvictions and any rearrests, but increased the risk of a technical violation revocation. All of these differences were statistically significant.

This is a juvenile reentry program that offers services to youth returning to the community in Tulsa, Okla., after their out-of-home placements. The goal of the program is to reduce rates of recidivism for high-risk youth. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant differences in reconviction rates for treatment group youth who received the program’s services, compared with comparison group youth who did not receive services.

The program is an alternative to formal processing in the juvenile justice system. The overall goal is to reduce the number of youths entering the juvenile justice system, while also reducing recidivism. The program is rated Promising. Youths in the treatment group who participated in the diversion program had statistically significantly fewer rearrests, compared with youths in the comparison group who did not participate in the intervention.

This was a system provider–level training for community mental health teams in the Netherlands to improve detection of and response to domestic violence and abuse in patients with mental illness. The program is rated No Effects. There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of detection or referral of current domestic violence and abuse for teams that received the intervention, compared with control teams that did not receive training, at the 12-month follow-up.

This was an automated telephony program designed for those recently paroled in Sweden that provided immediate feedback to participants and sent daily reports to their parole officers. The program is rated Promising. Treatment group participants reported statistically significantly less alcohol use, drug use, and internalizing behaviors at the 1-month follow-up, compared with control group participants.

This is a policy reform passed by California voters to downgrade drug and property offenses from felonies to misdemeanors, to focus prison resources on the most-serious violent offenses, reinvest savings toward prevention, and reduce recidivism. The program is rated Promising. In an evaluation of recidivism, the intervention group had statistically significantly fewer rearrests and reconvictions for any crime or revocation, compared with the control group, at the 1-year follow-up.

This mentoring program for urban high school students is designed to improve college readiness. The program is rated No Effects. Compared with comparison students, treatment students were more likely to graduate and reported higher self-advocacy and critical thinking. These differences were statistically significant. There were no statistically significant differences in attending college, taking AP courses, task persistence, sitting in on college courses, seeking help, or growth mindset.

This was a parenting and family skills intervention for displaced Burmese migrant families in Thailand. The program is rated Promising. There was a statistically significant impact on child externalizing problems, family cohesion, family communication and positive parent-child interactions in the treatment group, compared with the control group. However, there was no statistically significant effect on child attention problems, or child internalizing problems.

This is an at-home parent and child therapy program for young children with behavioral and emotional problems who have experienced trauma and live in poverty. The program is rated Effective. Treatment group children had statistically significant reductions in challenging behaviors and anxious/withdrawn and fearful symptoms of trauma, compared with children on a waitlist. The quality of caregiver–child relationships also had statistically significant improved.

This is an alternative-to-incarceration program designed to respond swiftly with sanctions to probation violations of those at high-risk of re-offending. The overall goal is to reduce participants’ recidivism rates. The program is rated Promising. Participants had statistically significant reduction in recidivism rates (overall, misdemeanor, felony, property, drug/alcohol, and other) compared with the comparison group, but there was no statistically significant effects on violent recidivism.

This parent-training program seeks to improve parenting competencies of families with children (ages 3–8) at risk of a disruptive conduct behavior/disorder. The program is rated Promising. Treatment group parents showed a statistically significant increase in use of appropriate discipline practices and reported fewer child conduct behavior problems, compared with comparison group parents, but there was no statistically significant effect on other child outcomes, such as prosocial behavior.

This secondary violence prevention program targets young men most likely to commit or be victim of gang or gun crime to reduce their incarceration and victimization from violent crime. The program is rated Promising. SSYI youths were statistically significantly less likely to be incarcerated compared with comparison group youths. SSYI–funded cities had statistically significant reductions in all measured city-level crime victimization rates, compared with comparison cities.

This is an enhanced day reporting center designed to reduce the risk of recidivism in people on probation with mental illnesses. It provides services such as substance abuse treatment and crisis intervention. The program is rated Promising. Treatment group individuals had a statistically significantly lower risk of conviction for any offense, compared with control group participants on standard probation. However, there was no statistically significant effect on the risk of conviction for a felo

This is a responsive intervention that seeks to reduce severe aggressive behaviors of incarcerated youth at a juvenile justice institution in the Netherlands. The program is rated Promising. Intervention group youth, compared with treatment-as-usual group youth, had statistically significant higher aggression-related skills, lower cognitive distortions (such as how youth think about aggression), and a lower recidivism risk for violent and general offenses at the 3-year follow up.

This is a group-mentoring afterschool program in which elementary and middle school students with the diagnosis of a learning disability (LD) or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) meet with high school or college student mentors who also have LD/ADHD, to discuss and address their strengths and challenges. The program is rated Promising. The program was shown to be associated with statistically significant decreases in depression and increases in self-esteem over the program period.

This is a mentoring program that uses volunteer community members to strengthen the supportive environment and improve psychosocial outcomes among youth living without an adult caregiver in rural Rwanda. The program is rated Promising. Youth in the intervention group showed statistically significant greater improvements in scores for depression, grief, marginalization, and adult support at 18 months, compared with the youth in the comparison group.

This is a program that uses an interdisciplinary team to address factors contributing to clients’ contact with the court. The program is rated Promising. Participants experienced a reduction in average sentence length and were more likely to be released on recognizance, compared with those who received traditional legal services. These differences were statistically significant. However, there was no statistically significant impact on conviction or on future arrest rates.

This program is a multidisciplinary, victim-focused approach designed to improve forensic interviewing and the continuity of care for youth who are victims of sexual abuse and assault. The program is rated Effective. The program showed a statistically significant increase in the receipt of physical health examinations and counseling referrals for treatment group youth, compared with youth in the community comparison group.

This is a program for moderate- and high-risk males accused of assaulting their intimate partners. The program is rated Promising. Compared with the comparison group, program participants had a statistically significant lower likelihood of being charged with any new domestic, property, or administrative offense and of having contact with the police. There was no statistically significant difference between groups on likelihood of being charged with a new violent offense.

This prevention program seeks to build parenting skills and provide support to parents of young children, to reduce the likelihood of negative lifelong impacts on children’s physical, mental, and emotional health. The program is rated Promising. The program participants showed statistically significant improvements in parenting skills, knowledge of child development and behavior, and reduced parental depression, but not in family functioning, social support, nurturing, and parental stress.

This is a model that uses a conceptual plan and organizational framework to strengthen collaborations between child welfare and juvenile justice system professionals and partners to prevent or reduce youths’ involvement in the juvenile justice system or related systems of care. The program is rated Promising. Treatment group youth showed a statistically significant reduction in recidivism rates, compared with youth in the comparison groups.

This is a therapeutic program that used meditation to improve mental health outcomes for female survivors of interpersonal violence with co-occurring disorders. The program is rated Promising. Women in the treatment group who participated in the meditation curriculum had a statistically significant fewer number of mental health and trauma symptoms, and a higher level of reliable change in mental health and trauma symptoms, compared with women in the control group who received services as usual.

This is a home-visitation program that aims to prevent and address factors associated with child abuse and neglect. The program is rated Promising. Parents in the SafeCare group demonstrated statistically significant decreases in depression symptoms and risk of child protective services recidivism, compared with parents in the control group. However, there were no statistically significant differences in the risk of child physical abuse among a sample of American Indian parents.

This program assessed the impact of a nonmanualized family-based treatment approach for adolescent behavior problems. The program is rated No Effects. Results indicated that the treatment group experienced statistically significant reductions in adolescent-reported externalizing and internalizing behaviors. However, there were no statistically significant differences between groups in caregiver-reported externalizing and internalizing behaviors or in adolescent-reported alcohol or drug use.

This is a reentry program designed to assist parolees transition from life in prison to life in the community. The program is rated Promising. The treatment group had statistically significant reductions in rates of reconvictions and parole revocations, increases in numbers of months employed, and a greater likelihood of receiving a high school diploma or GED, compared with the control group. However, there were no statistically significant differences in rate of rearrests or substance use.

The program aims to increase school/community competence in responding to and preventing student emotional and behavioral health crises. This program is rated Promising. Compared with control schools, intervention schools had statistically significantly lower rates of suspensions and office referrals and had conducted more threat assessments and crisis interventions. However, there were no significant effects on bullying, juvenile justice referrals, and emotional or behavioral health incidents.

This adapted version of Functional Family Therapy is designed to improve functioning for child welfare-involved families. This program is rated Promising. Treatment families showed a statistically significant greater likelihood of achieving all treatment goals and a lower likelihood of being referred to another program at case closing, compared with control families. However, there were no statistically significant differences between groups in out-of-home placements.

This program is designed to assist incarcerated male veterans of the U.S. military by providing them with in-custody treatment, services, and linkage to rehabilitative programming and community resources and reduce their chances of recidivism. The program is rated Promising. Results showed a statistically significant reduction in recidivism for program participants during the 12-month follow-up period, compared with the comparison group.

This is a short-term, family-based program, which is designed to reduce out-of-home placements for juvenile justice-involved youth. The program is rated Promising. Youth who received Family Centered Treatment were less likely to experience future conviction or incarceration in either the juvenile or adult justice systems, compared with youth who were placed in a group home.

This is a behavioral parent-training program designed specifically for military families with school-aged children. The program is rated No Effects. ADAPT children reported fewer school problems and ADAPT parents demonstrated more positive involvement and problem-solving skills, compared with the control group. However, there were no statistically significant differences in measures of child loneliness and adaptive skills, parental discipline, skill encouragement, or monitoring.

This is a mindfulness-based yoga program intended to reduce substance use (and the subsequent negative effects of use) for adolescents at high risk of dropping out of school. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant differences in measures of substance use, self-regulation, mood, mindfulness, or coping skills for youth who participated in the program, compared with the control group youth.

This program is designed to enhance system effectiveness and organization, to improve client outcomes for child welfare and mental health agencies. The program is rated Promising. There were statistically significant reductions in problem behaviors for youth who were served by agencies that received the intervention, compared with youth who were served by control agencies.

This is a home-based, parent-and-child therapy program for the treatment of disruptive behaviors (such as physical aggression and oppositional behaviors) in toddlers and preschoolers who are living in poverty. The program is rated Promising. Compared to the control group, there were statistically significant positive effects found for improving children’s prosocial and challenging behaviors, parent and child play, and the discipline and nurturing behavior of caregivers.

This program was designed to improve well-being and permanency outcomes for children with complex trauma in state care. The program is rated No Effects. Overall, findings were mixed. There were statistically significant findings favoring the treatment group, including increased likelihood of adoption; however, there were also statistically significant findings favoring the control group. Overall, the preponderance of evidence suggests the program did not have the intended effects on children.

The program is a cognitive–behavioral, anger management treatment for adolescent girls in residential juvenile justice facilities, which is designed to reduce participants’ anger, physical aggression, and relational aggression. The program is rated Promising. Program participants showed statistically significant reductions in anger, physical aggression, and relational aggression scores, compared with the control group.

This program is a prison-based therapeutic community for drug-involved individuals. The program is rated Promising. After 3 years, results showed statistically significant increases in remaining drug-free; however, there were no statistically significant effects in being arrest-free.

This is a residential work-release program that uses therapy, counseling and treatment for persons convicted of a crime with a history of substance use who are reentering society. The program is rated Promising. There were statistically significant increases in participants being injection-free at 6 months and being drug-free after 3 years; however, there were no statistically significant effects in condom use (at 6 months) or being arrest-free (after 3 years).

This is a program designed to reduce recidivism and improve employment rates through reentry services for individuals who have a moderate-to-high risk for reoffending. The program is rated No Effects. At the 30-month follow up, there were no statistically significant differences in rearrest, reconviction, reincarceration, or employment rates between program participants and control group members.

This is a one-on-one mentoring program in which youth referred from a community mental health agency receive support from adult volunteers with whom they spend 2 to 3 hours weekly on positive community activities. The program is rated Effective. The intervention was shown to be associated with a statistically significant increase in global functioning and a lower likelihood of an unplanned and client-initiated ending of treatment.

This is a prosecutor-led diversion program for nonviolent defendants, which is designed to decrease the number of convictions and reduce recidivism while improving administrative efficiency and cost effectiveness. The program is rated No Effects. The program had a statistically significant effect on reducing the likelihood of conviction, but there was no statistically significant effect on recidivism for program participants, compared with comparison participants.

This is a group-based, cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness training intervention targeted at male youth in high-security correctional facilities. The program is rated Promising. Results indicated a statistically significant reduction in the decline of attention skills for the treatment group, measured as accuracy and response variability on the Attention Network Test; however, there was no statistically significant effect on response time.

A classroom-based intervention, delivered by teachers, designed to prevent emotional and behavioral disorders in high-risk children. The program is rated Effective. Intervention group children showed statistically significant improvement in behaviors, social and behavioral competence, and student-teacher relationships, compared with control group children. Intervention group teachers showed statistically significant improvements in instructional practices, compared with control group teachers.

This is a focused deterrence intervention that uses a data-driven approach to reduce shootings in Chicago, IL by identifying persons who are responsible for a disproportionate share of shootings and delivering a “don’t shoot” message. The program is rated No Effects. The preponderance of the evidence suggests that the strategy had no impact on shooting behaviors in the year after the call-ins, but did have a statistically significant impact on the time until a shooting incident occurred.

This is an early childhood, family-centered, school-based intervention for children and their families in low-income communities. The program is rated Promising. There were statistically significant effects on children’s academic performance and mental health problems, but no effect on early conduct problems. There were also statistically significant effects on parents’ knowledge, positive behavior support, and parental involvement, but no effect on harsh and inconsistent behavior management.

The program is a coordinated, component-based approach that allows for real-time adaptation of treatment to address the complex needs of clinically-referred, comorbid youths, whose problems and treatment needs can shift during treatment. The program is rated Promising. In examining MATCH-ADTC to usual care, there were mixed results across three evaluations, but there were statistically significant reductions in internalizing and externalizing problems, functioning, and severity of problems.

This was a mindfulness education and substance abuse prevention program for fourth- and fifth-grade students, which was designed to build self-regulatory skills and reduce intentions to use alcohol or tobacco. This program was rated Promising. There were statistically significant increases in measures of executive functioning, social problems, and aggression. There were no statistically significant effects on attention problems and intentions to use substances.

This is a school-based prevention program that targets fifth- and sixth-grade boys’ early aggressive behaviors to avoid later antisocial behavior in adolescence and adulthood. The program is rated Promising. The program was found to have a statistically significant effect in reducing both aggression in the boys and their tendency to interpret others’ actions as hostile. The program also improved the boys’ ability to respond in appropriate, non-aggressive ways to a variety of scenarios.

This brief, cognitive behavioral, motivational intervention was designed to address alcohol and other drug use as well as aggressive behaviors among English- and Spanish-speaking adolescents who were already involved in drugs and aggressive behavior. This program is rated No Effects. The study found no statistically significant differences in measures of substance use and aggressive behaviors between adolescents in the treatment group, compared with adolescents receiving standard care.

This is a group, motivational interviewing program for adolescents with a first-time alcohol or drug offense. The goal of the program is to prevent negative consequences of alcohol and other drug use. This program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant differences between the intervention and comparison groups on past month frequency of alcohol, heavy drinking, or marijuana use; alcohol or marijuana consequences; recidivism; delinquency; and alcohol and other drug use.

This is a 4-week online training course for individuals working or planning to work with survivors of intimate partner violence. The course covers a wide range of topics for building a strong, violence against women program and is based on feminist intersectional principles and values. The program is rated Promising. There were statistically significant increases in the intervention group’s scores on knowledge and attitudes, compared with the wait-list comparison group.

This was an emotional- and behavioral-skills enhancement program targeted at adults who engaged in aggressive behavior with their partners. This group-format program aimed to promote psychological flexibility and thereby decrease aggression in participants. The program is rated Effective. Participants reported less physical and psychological aggression at post-treatment and at the 6-month follow up. These findings were statistically significant.

This is a cognitive–behavioral therapy program, consisting of 14 sequential classroom lessons, for high-risk persons on probation and delivered by probation officers in a community correctional environment. This program was rated No Effects. Results indicate that participants had a statistically significant lower recidivism rate, measured as committing any new offense compared with nonparticipants, however, no statistically significant differences were found across individual offense types.

This is a universal, school-based intervention for Jewish-Israeli students who are exposed to the ongoing Israeli–Palestinian conflict. It combines the original ERASE-Stress program with six additional modules focused on topics related to prosocial orientation, and aims to reduce PTSD, enhance resiliency, and develop prosocial skills. The program is rated Promising. The program was shown to statistically significant reduce PTSD severity, functional problems, anxiety, and somatic complaints.

This program combines enhanced employment opportunities and wraparound services for incarcerated persons before and after release from prison. The program is rated Promising. There was a statistically significant reduction in likelihood of rearrests for program group participants, compared with the control group. There was also a lower rate of reimprisonment for program participants than nonparticipants; however, this difference was not statistically significant.

This intervention is a universal, school-based intervention for Jewish-Israeli students who are exposed to the ongoing violence of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The program aims to reduce participants’ posttraumatic stress symptoms. The program is rated Promising. The program was shown to be statistically significant in reducing PTSD severity, functional problems, anxiety, and somatic complaints.

This program provides support for mothers who have experienced intimate partner violence (IPV). The goal of the program is to assist mothers and ultimately improve their children’s adjustment. The program was rated Promising. Results showed a statistically significant improvement in children’s externalizing behaviors and attitudes about family violence, although there was no effect on children’s internalizing behaviors. Mothers in the program also experienced greater reductions in IPV over time.

This is a supervision program that incorporates family-focused, strengths-based principles of Functional Family Therapy. The goal of the program is to reduce re-arrests and increase employment rates. The program is rated Promising. Participants in the intervention were less likely to be re-arrested, more likely to be employed, and earned more per quarter, compared with the comparison group. These findings were statistically significant.

This program provided gender-responsive services in two group homes for female youths who had been adjudicated in the delinquency (formal probation) or truancy divisions of juvenile court. The program is rated Promising. Results showed a statistically significant difference in that the girls who received gender-responsive services had lower recidivism rates after 2 years, compared with the comparison group.

This program is designed to increase safety awareness, knowledge, skills, self-efficacy, and behaviors as well as increase social support among women with disabilities. The program is rated Promising. The program was shown to produce a statistically significant increase among participants’ scores on measures of safety planning, safety knowledge, and safety-promoting behaviors, compared with non-participants. The groups did not differ on measures of safety awareness following the intervention.

The program is targeted at individuals whose mental illnesses are seen as instrumental in their offenses, and who are likely to qualify for and benefit from publicly supported treatment in the community. The overall goal is to reduce recidivism . The program is rated Effective. Participants in the program were less likely to be convicted of any new offense and convicted of felony offenses, compared with the matched comparison group. The difference was statistically significant.

Implemented by the Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles, this is a cognitive–behavioral program for male parolees that aims to build psychosocial skills in areas such as self-control, interpersonal problem-solving, and critical reasoning. The program is rated No Effects. The authors found no statistically significant effect of program participation on recidivism and employment measures.

This program linked incarcerated persons who had disabilities and were at risk for homelessness to supportive housing upon their release from prison. The goal was to reduce recidivism, homelessness, and multiple systems use. The program is rated Promising. The program was shown to statistically significantly reduce the probability of rearrest (but not re-incarceration) and length of time from release to rearrest; however, treatment group participants were rearrested more frequently.

This program seeks to divert adults with mental illness diagnoses who have committed misdemeanor and felony offenses away from the justice system and into treatment. The goals of the program are to ensure participants receive treatment for their mental disorders and do not have future contact with the justice system. The program is rated Promising. Participants had a statistically significant lower likelihood of being rearrested and reconvicted, compared with the comparison group.

This is a program that uses a caring adult, called a Promotor, to provide case management, mentoring, and advocacy for youths. This program is rated No Effects. The intervention had statistically significant positive effects on school enrollment, housing stability, and births, but had statistically significant negative effects on getting into a fight and binge drinking. There were no effects on employment, carrying a weapon, incarceration, marijuana use, or perception of control of one’s life.

This is a school-based, mentoring program designed to improve academic performance and life satisfaction and reduce absences and behavioral infractions. The program is rated Promising. Participants had a statistically significant decrease in unexcused absences and higher math and English grades, compared with the control group. However, there were no effects on school-reported behavioral infractions, science or history grades, positive affect, negative affect, coping, or overall mental health.

This program was located at a secure-custody residential facility that provided educational and vocational training to moderate-risk male youth. The program is rated No Effects. Participants showed a statistically significant greater likelihood of obtaining a degree, compared with nonparticipants. However, there were no statistically significant differences in any arrest for any offense overall and felony arrest specifically, employment, time employed, or higher education enrollment.

This is a reentry program designed to reduce recidivism and increase reentry services for males, ages 13 to 18, who have committed offenses and are placed in a locked, residential treatment facility. The program is rated Promising. The program was shown to statistically significantly decrease recidivism rates among youths who participated in the program, compared with youths who received services as usual.

This program was designed to reduce relapse and criminal recidivism by providing comprehensive aftercare services to individuals convicted of felonies, with alcohol- and drug-related histories. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant program effects on rearrests, substance abuse relapse, or employment.

The program, established by Senate Bill 618, aimed to educate and rehabilitate incarcerated individuals who committed nonviolent felony offenses in an effort to reduce recidivism and revocations to prison. The program is rated No Effects. There was a statistically significant impact on program participants’ rates of rearrest. However, there were no statistically significant differences on reconviction and return to prison rates between program participants and those who were not in the program.

This 6-month program aims to reduce recidivism by diverting eligible candidates from prison to a boot camp that promotes discipline, structure, and characteristics of good citizenship and seeks to improve skills for reentry into the community. The program is rated Promising. Boot camp participants had statistically significantly lower rates of recidivism (measured as both rearrest and reincarceration) compared with nonparticipants at the 3-year follow-up.

This program provides residential aftercare services for those with substance abuse issues who have completed the 6-month Quehanna (PA) Motivational Boot Camp Program. The program is rated No Effects. An examination of the impact of both 30- and 90-day aftercare programs found no statistically significant effects of treatment of either dosage on recidivism.

This program used coordinated service teams to support mentally ill individuals leaving prison in transitioning back into the community. The program is rated No Effects. Program participants showed a statistically significant lower likelihood of returning to jail during the program treatment period. However, there were no statistically significant effects on reconvictions during the program treatment period or return to jail at the 6-month follow up.

This is a post-custody, community-based intervention for individuals with co-occurring mental illness and substance use disorders. The program is rated No Effects. While the program statistically significantly reduced the number of reconvictions and incarcerations, it did not impact the number of arrests, days in jail, felony convictions, or percent of reconvictions.

This is a cognitive-behavioral intervention for children who have been exposed to traumatic events, and for their parents. The goal is to help children improve their symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression, and anxiety. The program is rated Promising. Children who received the treatment demonstrated statistically significant improvements on measures of posttraumatic stress, anxiety symptoms, and emotional regulation; however, there was no impact on measures of depression or coping efficacy.

This is a transitional employment program that gives those who are newly released from prison the opportunity to work and find housing. RWA seeks to provide clients with work and foundational skills so that they can find a job, secure housing, and become financially independent. The program is rated No Effects. After 3 years, RWA showed a statistically significant positive impact on jail sentences, but there was no statistically significant impact on arrests, convictions, and prison sentences.

This is a psychological intervention for incarcerated males, which addresses the lifestyle concepts around crime, drug use, and gambling. The main objective of the program is to reduce recidivism through introducing program participants to lifestyle changes centering on the identification of conditions, choices, and cognition of crimes. The program is rated Promising. The program participants were statistically significantly less likely to be rearrested and reincarcerated during the follow up.

This cognitive–behavioral mentoring intervention was designed to improve child behavior and family functioning among 8- to 12-year olds with mental health disorders, and their primary caregivers. This program is rated Promising. There were statistically significant differences between the intervention and control groups on measures of child behavior, parenting stress, perceived social support, and attachment to parents.

This cognitive–behavioral, group-mentoring intervention was designed to improve child behavior and family functioning among 8- to 12-year olds with mental health disorders, and their primary caregivers. This program is rated Promising. Although there were statistically significant improvements on measures of social problem solving and behavior problems, there were no improvements on measures of social skills among children in the intervention group, compared with the control group.

The program provides cognitive–behavioral treatment and relapse prevention to people who commit repetitive, compulsive sex offenses. Cognitive–behavioral treatments focus on reconstructing person’s cognitive distortions; relapse prevention focuses on pattern recognition and breaking the cycle of recommitting sex crimes. The program is rated Promising. The intervention participants showed a statistically significant lower likelihood of recidivating, compared with the general prison-population.

This is a school-based intervention designed to help students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) develop, practice, and generalize academic and social skills by using volunteer mentors to deliver skills training to students. This program is rated as No Effects. Academic functioning and parent/teacher ratings of student behavior reflecting ADHD symptoms did not differ statistically significantly for youths in the intervention group, compared with the control group.

This is an after-school intervention designed to help students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) develop, practice, and generalize academic and social skills by using volunteer mentors to deliver skills training to students. This program is rated as No Effects. Academic functioning and parent/teacher ratings of student behavior reflecting ADHD symptoms did not differ statistically significantly between youths in the intervention group and those in the control group.

This is a crisis-response program in which police connect female victims of intimate partner violence with a social service provider, via telephone, at the scene of a domestic violence dispute. The program is rated Promising. When compared with the control group, program participants reported experiencing less violence at follow up. Participants were also more likely to receive an order of protection, and to contact domestic violence services. These differences were statistically significant.

This is a community-based program in which adolescent mothers had meetings with trained home visitors, who delivered a parenting and an adolescent curriculum. This program is rated Promising. Treatment group participants demonstrated statistically significantly improvements in parenting skills and school status compared with the control group. However, there was no statistically significant impact on depressive symptoms, condom and hormonal contraceptive use, or repeat pregnancies.

This is a program designed to help young people in foster care and with serious mental health challenges prepare for postsecondary education. The program is rated Effective. Youths who received the intervention had statistically significant improvements on self-determination, mental health empowerment, transition planning, career self-efficacy, hope, barriers to education, postsecondary preparation, and transition planning, but not on quality of life or mental health recovery.

Using comprehensive assessments, the program identified, provided, and coordinated individualized services for high-risk, drug-involved, justice-involved juveniles. This program is rated Effective. Results suggest that JBTC participants were significantly less likely to recidivate and had statistically significantly fewer arrests, compared with non-JBTC participants. However, the impact on self-reported drug use was mixed.

This is a problem-solving court program that seeks to divert mentally ill adults who committed misdemeanor and felony offenses out of the justice system and into treatment to address their mental health issues and reduce their risk of recidivism. The program is rated No Effects. There was no statistically significant effect on rearrests or reconvictions for treatment group participants, compared with similar individuals with a mental disorder in jail, at the 30-month follow-up.

This is a school-based, suicide prevention program designed to build socioecological-protective influences across a full student population, using youth opinion leaders from diverse social cliques to develop and deliver messaging aimed at changing the norms and behaviors of their peers. This program is rated Promising. Peer leaders in the intervention schools showed statistically significant improvements on perceptions and behaviors pertaining to suicide and on social connectedness.

Formerly known as SNAP® Girls Connection, the program includes concurrent child and parent groups, as part of a multi-component intervention for girls with disruptive behaviors and their families. The program focuses on self-control and emotion regulation to improve pro-social skills and reduce disruptive behavior. The program is rated Promising. The girls in the treatment group displayed statistically significantly lower levels of behavior problems than the girls in the comparison group.

This program is designed to reduce recidivism by placing released those convicted of offenses in halfway houses and community-based correctional facilities in Ohio, to provide a range of programming related to chemical dependency, education, employment, and family relationships. The program is rated Promising. Participants in the treatment group had a statistically significant lower number of new arrests and reincarcerations, compared with those in the comparison group, at the 2-year follow up.

This program is a comprehensive, home-based, therapeutic intervention for high-risk families with children ages 6–36 months. The program is rated No Effects. Although children in the program showed statistically significantly reduced externalizing problems, there was no impact on other outcomes, including internalizing problems, dysregulation, parent–child dysfunction, and parent distress. Overall, the preponderance of evidence suggests the program did not have an impact on children or parents.

The program targets persons on parole with mental health problems and provides services to enhance their level of individual functioning in the community. The overall goal is to reduce recidivism of mentally ill persons on parole and improve public safety. The program is rated Promising. Persons on parole who participated in the program showed a statistically significant reduction in the odds of being returned to custody.

This is a diversion program that provides intensive supervision and treatment for juveniles on probation who suffer from mental illness. This program is rated Promising. The intervention group showed a statistically significant reduction in number of rearrests within 1 year, compared with the comparison group. However, there was no statistically significant impact on time to rearrest.

The program aims to reduce precursors of teen pregnancy, including sexual risk behaviors, involvement in violence, and disconnection from school. The program is rated No Effects. There was a statistically significant impact on consistency of condom use and relational aggression perpetration, but there was no statistically significant impact on physical violence victimization, relational violence victimization, stress management, interpersonal skills, or fight avoidance skills.

Formerly called the Dangerous Mentally Ill Offender Program, this is a reentry-planning and service program aimed at reducing recidivism for dangerously mentally ill people in Washington State. The program is rated Promising. Program participants had statistically significantly lower violent felony and overall felony recidivism rates compared with the matched control group 4 years following release from prison.

The program is a problem-solving court that operate a specialized caseload for domestic violence-related cases only, and for which eligibility is determined on a case-by-case basis. Criminal domestic violence courts tend to be more common throughout the U.S. The program is rated No Effects. The criminal domestic violence courts in New York statistically significantly reduced case-processing time, but there was no statistically significant impact on recidivism.

This is a school-based, small-group program designed to prevent social aggression and increase empathy, prosocial behavior, and social problem–solving skills among fifth-grade females. The program is rated No Effects. Through treatment group, students demonstrated some statistically significantly improved social problem–solving skills, compared with control group students. There was no effect on prosocial behavior or social aggression.

This is a training program for juvenile justice probation/parole case managers (PCMs), to promote their use of evidence-based practices to identify the mental health and substance use needs of delinquent youth and increase youth’s access to services. The program is rated Promising. There were statistically significant reductions in re-referral and placement rates for youth whose PCMs received the enhanced training, compared with youth whose PCMs received the standard training or no training.

This is a semi-structured, school-based intervention program developed for pre-kindergarten students seeking to improve emotional and behavioral problems and promote social skills development. The program is rated Promising. Evaluation results showed no differences regarding parent-rated behavioral problems or social skill, but teacher ratings of child behavioral problems and social skills statistically significantly improved in the intervention group.

This is a manualized cognitive–behavioral intervention for incarcerated women with co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders. The program is rated Promising. Evaluation results suggest that the program statistically significantly reduced PTSD and depression scores in program participants.

This is a short-term intervention program designed to assess children in transition to kindergarten. The goal of the program is to increase school-readiness and to develop early literacy and social and self-regulation skills. The program is rated Promising. The intervention group displayed statistically significantly lower levels of oppositional and aggressive behavior as well as statistically significantly higher levels of self-regulation.

This is a high school-based, relationship abuse prevention program. The goal of the program was to identify students’ knowledge of abusive behaviors and teach them about relationship abuse and resources for its prevention. The program was rated No Effects. There was no statistically significant impact on recognition, use, and knowledge of adolescent relationship abuse resources, and intentions to intervene, but participants had greater increases in recognition of sexual coercion.

This is a positive youth development program for preadolescent children (ages 9-11) who have current or previous child welfare involvement due to one or more adverse childhood experiences. The program is rated Promising. Children who participated in the program displayed statistically significant reductions in posttraumatic stress symptoms, dissociation symptoms, and scores on key mental health outcomes, compared with children in the control group.

This is a school-based trial that incorporated three programs: a Classwide Social Skills Program, a Connections Partner Reading Program, and a combination of both programs. The program is rated No Effects. There were statistically significant improvements on teacher- and parent-rated measures of externalizing problems. But there were no statistically significant effects on inappropriate classroom behavior and teacher- and parent-rated social skills.

This is a preventative, school-based program for students in 4th, 5th, and 6th grades (ages 9–12) that sought to reduce rates of bullying and victimization within elementary schools. The program is rated Effective. Evaluation results suggest that the program statistically significantly reduced bullying and victimization rates at schools that implemented the program compared with a control group of schools that did not.

This is a housing mobility demonstration program intended to help move families from high-poverty public housing to low-poverty private housing to improve their lives. This program is rated No Effects. The program was shown to have no statistically significant long-term effects on violent, property, drug, or general crime arrests.

This is a family-centered intervention designed to assist families with high-risk adolescents. The goal is to reduce the growth of adolescents’ problem behaviors and substance abuse. The program is rated Promising. Participants showed statistically significantly less growth of antisocial behavior and in alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use compared with the control group. Participants also had stable GPAs from the start of middle school into high school and fewer school absences.

The program is a preventative, family-based intervention targeting families with young children who possess risk factors for child behavioral misconduct. The program is rated Promising. Evaluation results showed that the children of families who participated in the intervention demonstrated statistically significantly reduced problem and externalizing behaviors, compared with children of families in the control group.

In Minnesota, bed shortages created an increase in the prison population in the first few years following 2000, resulting in eligible male inmates being transferred to a private prison facility to serve their time. The program was rated No Effects. Confinement in the private prison resulted in statistically significant increases in the risk of rearrest and reconviction. There was no statistically significant impact on reincarceration for a new offense or revocation for a technical violation.

This is a cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) program for children that is designed to eliminate problematic sexual behavior. The program is rated Effective. Children in the CBT treatment group who demonstrated problematic sexual behavior displayed no statistically significant differences, compared with control group children, in sexual and nonsexual offenses at the 10-year follow up, indicating that the treatment was effective at reducing these behaviors.

This program was designed to provide adult support to suicidal youth following psychiatric care. The program is rated Promising. Program participants showed statistically significant improvements on mortality, suicide and drug-related deaths, outpatient psychotherapy sessions, medication follow-up sessions, and outpatient drug or alcohol treatment but not on suicidal ideation, suicide, depression, negative attitudes about the future, functional impairment, or inpatient drug or alcohol treatment.

Offers a wide array of services for youth with serious emotional disturbances to reduce youth's contact with the juvenile justice system. The services are accessible, community-based, individualized, culturally competent, and include an individual’s family in the planning and delivery of treatment. The program is rated Promising. The program was shown to statistically significantly reduce youths’ contact with the juvenile justice system.

A prison-based drug treatment program based on the principles of therapeutic communities with the overall goal of reducing the risk of drug relapse and recidivism once they return to the community. The program is rated No Effects. The program did not significantly impact participants’ rates of rearrests or drug relapse, and only had a small effect on reincarceration rates.

This is a school-based intervention to improve the social-emotional and behavioral skills of young children at risk for mental health disorders and substance abuse. This program is rated Promising. The program had a statistically significant, positive effect on children’s task orientation, behavior control, assertiveness, and peer social skills. The program was also associated with a statistically significant decline in the average number of suspensions and office disciplinary referrals.

This is a diversion program for 16- and 17-year-old defendants in the New York state adult criminal justice system. The program is rated Promising. Similar rates of recidivism were found for participants and comparison group members, which suggests that diverting older adolescents does not increase the risk of recidivism and risk to the public.

This is a preadjudication diversion program designed to divert juveniles with mental health needs away from the juvenile justice system through specialized supervision and case management. The program is rated Promising. Participants were statistically significantly less likely to face adjudication compared to those who only received traditional supervision while on probation.

A program that attempts to reduce homicides and non-fatal shootings through a multidisciplinary and multiagency homicide review process. The program is rated Effective. There was a statistically significant, 52 percent, decrease, in the monthly count of homicides in the intervention districts.

This is a prevention program targeted at middle school students, which is designed to reduce stressors by teaching coping and decision-making skills. The program is rated Promising. Students who participated in the intervention demonstrated a statistically significant greater level of coping skills to reduce stressors, compared with students who did not receive any intervention.

This is a school-based prevention program designed for high-risk students. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant differences between experimental group youth and control group youth in engagement in delinquency, alcohol use, smoking, GPA, anger, and school connectedness. There were also statistically significant negative program effects for experimental group youth in conventional peer bonding and peer high-risk behavior.

This is a multi-family group-based intervention targeting juveniles convicted for the first time. The goal is to help youth and their families find solutions to family conflict and poor decision-making that will prevent youth’s recidivism and improve personal and family well-being. The program is rated Promising. Intervention group youth showed a statistically significant lower likelihood of recidivating, compared with youth in the probation comparison group.

This is a substance abuse intervention program for high-risk adolescents (ages 12–18) living in residential facilities. The program is rated Promising. Treatment group youth showed a statistically significant lower likelihood of reporting alcohol, marijuana, or overall alcohol and other drug (AOD) use in the previous 30 days, compared with comparison group youth.

This is a psychoeducational, skills-based program designed for first-time expectant parents. The program is rated Promising. Findings overall were mixed. Intervention group parents displayed statistically significant better outcomes, compared with control group parents. However, there were only a few statistically significant differences between children in the intervention and control groups.

This is a health education curriculum that targets K–12 students and includes age-appropriate lessons that focus on the most serious health challenges facing school-aged children. The program is rated Promising. There was a statistically significant impact on aggressive behavior, social and emotional health, interpersonal and drug refusal skills, and past-30-day alcohol and cigarette use. However, there was no statistically significant effect on prosocial behavior.

This is a group-based, parent-training class designed for parents of youth who exhibit behavior and emotional problems. The program is rated Promising. Treatment group parents reported statistically significant greater improvements in parental satisfaction, family satisfaction, parental efficacy, and children’s externalizing behaviors, compared with control group parents. However, there were no statistically significant differences in children’s internalizing behaviors.

This is a school-based program designed to improve conflict resolution in children. The program is rated Promising. Participants had a statistically significant lower level of aggressive interpersonal negotiation strategies, conduct problems, aggressive behavior, hostile attribution bias, and depressive symptoms, and a higher level of competent negotiation strategies and prosocial behavior, compared with nonparticipants. There was no statistically significant difference in aggressive fantasies.

This early childhood program sought to promote child and family functioning, and social, cognitive, and language skills of children, through home visitation, parent training, and child-care beginning from birth to age 5. The program is rated Promising. Intervention children reported statistically significant higher perceptions about themselves and school, compared with control children. There were no statistically significant effects on disliked attributes and liked personal attributes.

This is an intensive outpatient substance abuse treatment program designed for pregnant and postpartum women. The program is rated Promising. Treatment group mothers had newborns with statistically significant higher birth weights, longer gestational ages, and higher Apgar scores, compared with control group mothers. Their newborns also had a statistically significant lower likelihood of being admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and having positive toxicology screens.

This is a school-based program designed to improve students’ school attitudes and reduce delinquency. The program is rated Promising. The program showed a statistically significant positive effect on participants’ attainment of higher rates of supportive behavior and spontaneous prosocial behavior, compared with students who did not participate. There were no statistically significant effects on negative behavior, harmoniousness, substance/alcohol use, property damage, theft, or victimization.

This is an early intervention program designed to identify kindergarten children with antisocial behavior and introduce adaptive behavioral strategies to help prevent further antisocial behavior in school. The program is rated Effective. Treatment group students demonstrated statistically significant positive improvements in adaptive behavior, aggression, problem behaviors, and academic engagement, compared with control group students.

This is a juvenile court-based program designed to address the needs of people on probation who have emotional and behavioral disorders and the needs of their families. The approach is meant to be an integrated, seamless, coordinated system of care for children with mental health problems. The program is rated Promising. The intervention youth were statistically significantly less likely to recidivate, commit a felony offense or serve time in detention, compared with comparison youth.

This is a nonpunitive treatment model that concentrates on teaching juvenile justice–involved youth about prosocial behaviors as alternatives to antisocial behaviors. The program is rated Promising. Overall, findings were mixed. Treatment group youth had a statistically significant lower likelihood of being convicted for any new offense, compared with control group youth. However, there were no statistically significant effects on new charges or on incarceration rates.

This program seeks to reduce substance use and problem behaviors of youths with substance use disorders. The program is rated Promising. Relative to treatment-as-usual youths, intervention youths showed a statistically significant reduction in the number of crimes committed (i.e., property and violent crimes), substance use problems, and delinquent behaviors. But there were no statistically significant differences in diagnoses of cannabis use disorder or externalizing and internalizing behaviors

This intervention provides integrated individual and family services to juveniles who have co-occurring mental health and chemical dependency disorders during their transition from incarceration back into the community. The program is rated Promising. Treatment group youth were at statistically significantly lower risk for felony recidivism, compared with control group youth. However, there was no impact on overall recidivism, violent felony recidivism, or misdemeanor recidivism.

This is a residential program that provides mental health treatment to violent juveniles. The program is rated Promising. Participants in the treatment group demonstrated a statistically significant lower likelihood of violent (but not general) recidivism and had a longer offense-free period in the community prior to committing felony, violent, or violent felony (but not misdemeanor) offenses, compared with control group participants.

This is an early childhood curriculum designed to increase social-emotional competence and coping skills in young children. The program is rated Promising. Children in the intervention group demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in social-emotional competence and positive coping skills and fewer problem behaviors, compared with children in the control group.

This program aims to reduce recidivism of high- and moderate-risk individuals on probation by assigning them to intensive supervision by an officer with a reduced caseload, and through the use of evidence-based practices. The program is rated Promising. Individuals who were supervised by probation officers with reduced caseloads were statistically significantly less likely to be rearrested for any crime after 2 years, compared with individuals supervised by officers with traditional caseloads.

This is a condensed Aggression Replacement Training curriculum is targeted at adolescents temporarily living in a short-term residential facility (a runaway shelter) and had exhibited signs of antisocial behavior. The program is rated Promising. Participants exhibited a statistically significant decrease in antisocial behavior incidents following implementation of the program.

This is a program that focuses on drug-involved individuals and aims to provide specialized substance abuse treatment services. The program is rated Promising. Participants in the treatment group were statistically significantly less likely to report drug use and criminal activity than participants in the comparison group. However, there was no statistically significant effect on incarceration, socioeconomic status, mental health, family support, or homelessness.

This is a group-based intervention for moderate- and high-risk juvenile court youth in Washington State. The goal is to reduce recidivism rates by teaching anger control, moral reasoning, and social skills. The program is rated No Effects. One study found treatment group youth were statistically significantly more likely to recidivate, compared with the comparison group. Another study found no statistically significant differences in recidivism rates between the treatment and comparison groups.

AMIkids is a program encompassing community-based, experiential treatment interventions for at-risk and delinquent youth, which is designed to reduce recidivism and be cost effective. The program is rated Promising. The treatment group showed a statistically significant lower likelihood of being rearrested, adjudicated, convicted, or experiencing a subsequent commitment for any offense within 12 months of release, compared with the comparison group.

This is a program, provided by the Minnesota Department of Corrections, which offers treatment, therapy, and transitional services to convicted males in prison. The program is rated Promising. Treatment group inmates had a statistically significant lower likelihood of being rearrested for sex offenses, violent offenses, or any offenses, compared with comparison group inmates who did not receive any treatment.

This is a cognitive–behavioral curriculum developed by the National Institute of Corrections, which was designed to change the criminogenic thinking of persons convicted of a crime. The program includes cognitive restructuring, social skills development, and development of problem-solving skills. The program is rated Promising. Persons in the treatment group were found to be less likely to recidivate, compared with those in the control group, at the 6-month follow-up. This difference was statist

This is a court-ordered treatment program for individuals with mental illness who have a history of multiple hospitalizations or have exhibited violence toward themselves or others. The program is rated Promising. Participants who received treatment had a statistically significant reduction in risk for arrests of any offense, compared with the comparison group. However, there was no statistically significant difference found between the groups in risk of arrests for violent offenses.

This is an in-home, family preservation service and reunification program for families with children returning from or at risk for out-of-home placement. The program is rated Effective. The treatment group had a statistically significant greater number of reunifications and reduced rates of out-of-home placement, compared with the control group. However, there were no significant differences between groups in successful reunification (i.e., whether the children returned to foster care).

The program is a multicomponent family skills training program that targets substance-abusing families. The program is rated Promising. There were overall mixed results across three studies. One study found no significant effects on measures of child problem behavior, risk/protective factors, and family factors. However, one study found significant impacts on children’s problem behavior, and another study found significant impacts on time to reunification for child welfare-involved families.

This is a brief school-based, suicide-prevention program that seeks to reduce suicide risks and co-occurring health-related behaviors (such as depression and drug use). The program is rated No Effects. Intervention youth reported statistically significant lower levels of depression, compared with usual-care comparison group youth, but there were no statistically significant effects on suicide-risk behaviors, drug-involvement behaviors, drug-use control problems, and adverse drug consequences.

This is a community-based program that provides sexual abuse–specific assessment, treatment, consultation, and long-term support to adolescents who were convicted of sexual abuse and to their families. This program is rated Promising. Intervention participants showed a statistically significant lower likelihood of being charged with a sexual reoffense, nonsexual violent reoffense, nonviolent reoffense, or any reoffense, compared with control participants, at the 20-year follow up.

This is a home-visitation program for expectant and new parents, which was designed to prevent child abuse or neglect. The program is rated No Effects. Treatment group mothers showed statistically significant improvements on some outcomes, such as parental stress and discipline strategies, compared with control group mothers. However, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups in neglect, foster care placement, or substantiated child protective services reports.

This is a therapy program for children who were victims of traumatic life events (such as sexual abuse) and their parents. The program is rated Effective. Treatment group children had a statistically significant lower number of PTSD and depressive symptoms and problematic behaviors, compared with children in the control group. Parents in the treatment group also had a statistically significant lower number of depressive symptoms, compared with parents in the control group.

This is a program that aims to reduce behavior problems in children and increase their social and problem-solving skills. The program is rated Effective. Treatment group children demonstrated statistically significant improvements in conduct problems, social competence, and problem-solving skills, compared with control group children, at the posttest.

This is a classroom-based, drug abuse–prevention program for upper elementary and junior high school students. This program is rated Effective. Students who participated in the program reported a statistically significant decrease in prevalence of cigarette, alcohol, and polydrug use; and slower growth in initiation of substance use, compared with control students. However, there were no significant differences between groups on self-reported marijuana use.

This program addresses family functioning and parental behavior to reduce child abuse, neglect, and external placement. The program is rated Promising. Compared with the control group, treatment parents and children showed statistically significant improvements in functioning, treatment parents showed significant improvements in social support, and treatment children had a lower likelihood of receiving external placement. However, there were no significant differences between groups on abuse.

This is a family and community-based treatment program for adolescents with serious antisocial, delinquent, and other problem behaviors. The program is rated Effective. The treatment group had a statistically significant reduction in rearrests and number of days incarcerated, compared with a control group that received usual services. However, there were no statistically significant differences between groups in substance use outcomes.

This is a program that addresses externalizing symptoms, suicidal behaviors, and family relations, while allowing youth with serious behavioral and psychiatric problems to avoid an inpatient setting and spend more time in school and at home. The program is rated Promising. Overall, findings were mixed. Youth who participated in treatment showed statistically significant reductions in suicide attempts, but not suicidal ideation, compared with control group youth, at the 1-year follow up.

This version of multisystemic therapy is for adolescents with substance abuse and dependency issues. This program is rated Effective. Treatment youth showed statistically significant reductions in marijuana use and in aggressive behavior and convictions for aggressive behavior, compared with control group youth. However, no significant differences between groups were found for symptoms of mental health, criminal behavior, or alcohol or cocaine use.

This is an institution-based transitional services demonstration program, designed to be a short, intensive intervention, which could provide a greater number of individuals with reentry services at a lower cost. The program is rated No Effects. Program participants showed a statistically significant higher rate of parole revocation and rearrests for new offenses, compared with comparison group participants. However, there were no significant differences in felony rearrest rates between groups.

This is a classroom management strategy designed to reduce aggressive and disruptive classroom behavior and create a classroom environment that is conducive to learning for students, ages 6 to 10. The program is rated Promising. At the 14-year follow up, the treatment group had statistically significant reductions in levels of alcohol-related disorders and antisocial personality disorder compared with participants in the control group.

This is a cognitive–behavioral treatment program for assault survivors who have posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The program is rated Effective. Women in the treatment group experienced statistically significant reductions in the severity of PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptoms and a statistically significant improvement in social functioning, compared with women in the control group, at follow up.

A multicomponent approach designed to improve behavioral and mental health in children exposed to intimate partner violence by targeting their knowledge and attitudes about family violence, their emotional adjustment, and their social behavior. The program is rated No Effects. There was no statistically significant improvement for the treatment group in measures of children’s internalizing or externalizing problems or their attitudes about family violence, compared with the control group.

This is a program that combines group therapy and family therapy to treat youth, ages 10–18, who have a primary diagnosis of oppositional defiant or conduct disorder. This program is rated Promising. Findings were mixed. Intervention youth showed statistically significant decreases in rates of recidivism and improvements in behavior, compared with control group youth. However, there were no significant differences between groups on measures of readiness to change.

This is a therapeutic approach designed to treat individuals who are dealing with the aftermath of a traumatic life event. The goal is to help those who have experienced traumatic stress to reprocess and store traumatic memories adaptively. The program is rated Promising. Program participants reported statistically significant improvements in posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, self-concept, avoidance, and intrusive thoughts, compared with control group participants.

This is a home visitation program for low-income, first-time mothers designed to improve family functioning. The program is rated Effective. Treatment families reported statistically significant decreases in child abuse/neglect and domestic violence and improvements in home learning environments, compared with control families. Treatment children reported statistically significant decreases in substance use, compared with control children, but there were no differences in behavior problems.

This is a family-competency training program to promote healthy parent-child interactions and address children’s risk for early substance use. The program is rated Promising. Parent participants had a statistically significant improvement in intervention-targeted parenting behaviors, at 1-year posttest. Child participants had a statistically significant lower likelihood of alcohol-related problems and cigarette use, after 10 years, but there was no effect on being drunk and using illicit drugs.

This program is designed to provide support to battered mothers and reduce conduct problems in their children. The program is rated Promising. There were statistically significant effects in favor of the treatment group on measures of children’s conduct problems, happiness, and mothers’ aggression toward children. However, there were no statistically significant effects on children’s internalizing behaviors, mothers’ return to abusive partners, or recurrence of physical violence.

This program is an adaptation of the therapeutic community models used with individuals who have co-occurring drug abuse problems and mental health disorders. It offers a more flexible, more personalized, and less intense approach to achieve greater reductions in substance use and recidivism. This program is rated Promising. Participants in the treatment group showed statistically significant reductions in illegal drug use, compared with the control group.

This is a family-based prevention and intervention program for dysfunctional youth, ages 11 to 18, who are justice-involved or at risk for delinquency, violence, substance use, or other behavioral problems. The program is rated Effective. Program participants showed a statistically significant reduction in general recidivism and risky behavior, compared with control group participants. However, there were no differences between groups on felony recidivism or caregiver strengths and needs.

This is a brief early intervention and secondary prevention model, designed to prevent the development of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), for children aged 7–18 years who have recently experienced a potentially traumatic event. The program is rated Promising. Compared with the comparison group, the intervention group was statistically significantly less likely to have a PTSD diagnosis or receive a partial/full PTSD diagnosis; they also showed a lower severity of PTSD symptoms.

This program is an alternative to probation and confinement for first-time, nonviolent individuals convicted of drug offenses. The program is rated Promising. Treatment court participants had statistically significant lower conviction rates for any new offenses and drug offenses 1 year after program completion, compared with the comparison group. Program participants also had statistically significant lower conviction rates 3 years following the initial arrest.

This is a charter middle school that serves predominately low-income, minority students (grades 6–8) in Harlem who are usually 2 or 3 years behind grade level. The program is rated Effective. Students who were admitted to the school showed statistically significant improvements in English Language Arts scores, math scores, and attendance rates, compared with students who were not admitted. However, there were no significant differences between groups on matriculation.

This is a competency-enhancement program targeting elementary school children who are at high risk for early development of conduct problems. The program is rated Promising. Participation in the program was associated with statistically significant improvements in children’s academic competence and social skills and in adults’ parenting skills, compared with the control group at the 3-year follow up. However, there were no significant differences between groups in aggressive behavior.

This is a drug treatment court that seeks to reduce rearrests and reconvictions for drug-involved individuals with substantial criminal and drug addiction histories. The program is rated Effective. Compared with the control group, program participants had a statistically significant fewer number of arrests at the 24-month and 15-year follow up, but not at the 36-month follow up. Participants also had a statistically significant fewer number of total convicted charges at the 15-year follow up.

This is an individual-level, psychosocial treatment that seeks to reduce posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in traumatized refugee youth living in exile. The program is rated Promising. At the 6-month follow up, treatment participants showed statistically significant improvement in symptoms of PTSD and cognitive functioning, compared with control group youth. However, no significant differences were found between the two groups for comorbid disorders.

This is a reentry program in Brooklyn, N.Y., that provides substance abuse treatment, employment, and housing services for parolees. The program is rated Promising. Participants demonstrated a statistically significant lower likelihood of being rearrested or reconvicted, compared with the matched control group. However, there were no significant differences in employment and earnings, cohabitating with a partner and regular contact with their children, or drug and alcohol use.

This interagency public safety initiative aims to help incarcerated violent adults who have been convicted of a crime transition back to their neighborhoods following release from jail through various services. The program is rated Promising. The study found that after 3 years statistically significantly fewer program participants had been arrested for any crime and violent crime compared to the control group. The program was also associated with reductions in the subsequent overall time to arre

This is a behavioral intervention for youth, which is designed to reduce drug and alcohol use and promote an abstinent lifestyle. The program is rated Promising. Participants showed a statistically significant reduction in alcohol use, other drug use, and depressive symptoms, and an increase in linkage to continuing care services, adherence to the continuing care model, and social stability. However, there was no statistically significant effect on high-risk behaviors or delinquency.

This is a family therapy program designed to reduce the effects of child abuse. The program is rated Promising. There were statistically significant reductions in family conflict, parent-child violence, physical punishment, and child abuse risk, and improvements in discipline, cohesion, and child acceptance. There were also statistically significant reductions in child internalizing and externalizing symptoms. However, there were no significant differences between groups in re-abuse rates.

This is a comprehensive, long-term prevention program that seeks to prevent chronic and severe conduct problems in high-risk children in first through 10th grades. The program is rated Promising. Treatment group children demonstrated a statistically significantly fewer number of conduct problems and improvement in social cognition, compared with control group children. However, there were no statistically significant effects on academic progress or social competence.

This is a multifamily group program designed to empower parents to act as their children’s primary agents and to build helpful parent-to-parent groups with the help of schools. The program is rated Effective. The treatment group had statistically significant reductions in problem behaviors (such as aggression), increases in academic performance, and improvements in family adaptability, compared with the comparison group. However, there were mixed findings on other measures such as social skills.

This is a behavioral treatment alternative to residential placement for adolescents with antisocial behavior, emotional disturbance, and delinquency. The program is rated Effective. Treatment group boys showed a statistically significant drop in criminal referral rates, criminal activities, and days spent in lock up, compared with comparison group boys. Treatment group girls showed a statistically significant reduction in delinquency, compared with comparison group girls.

This is a trauma-focused psychotherapy program for those suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The program is rated Effective. Treated adults showed statistically significant lower PTSD symptoms, depression, and anxiety than comparison group adults. Treated youth showed statistically significant higher levels of hope and lower levels of the PTSD criterion of intrusive re-experiencing than comparison group youth, but there were no impacts in other mental health outcomes.

The court aims to connect defendants with serious mental illness to community treatment services, to find dispositions to their criminal charges that take into account their mental illness, and to decrease the chances they return to the criminal justice system. The program is rated Promising. The study showed participants were statistically significantly less likely to be charged with a new offense and had a longer time without a new violent charge compared with the comparison group.

This program is for parents whose children are wards of the state. The program is rated Effective. Intervention parents had statistically significant improvements in treatment outcomes and lower rates of rearrest, compared with control parents. Children of intervention parents experienced statistically significant improvements in child welfare outcomes, compared with children of control group participants. There were no significant differences between groups for placement stability.

This is a cognitive-behavioral therapy group intervention designed to reduce children’s symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression caused by exposure to violence. The program is rated Effective. Intervention group participants showed statistically significant reductions in depressive and PTSD symptoms, compared with control group participants, at the 3-month follow up. However, there were no statistically significant impacts on classroom behavior problems.

This is an empowerment training program for pregnant women in China who have been abused. The program is rated Promising. For the experimental group, there were statistically significant declines in levels of psychological abuse, minor physical violence, physical functioning, physical and emotional role limitation, and postnatal depression. However, there were no statistically significant effects on severe physical violence, sexual abuse, and other health-related, quality-of-life measures.

This is a jail reentry program that works to reduce inmates’ recidivism once they reenter the community, in part by linking them to various resources. The program is rated Promising. Approximately 12 percent of program participants were rearrested during the 12-month follow-up period, compared with 82 percent of control group participants, a statistically significant difference.